In any math textbook, there is always the question: Does $\Bbb N$ contain 0? Some authors say yes, some say no, it’s mostly a matter of taste and utility.

I use $\Bbb Z^+$ to denote the positive integers.

More generally, if $A\subseteq \Bbb R$ is any subset of the real numbers, I use the notation $A^+$ to denote the subset of positive numbers. That is to say,

$$ A^+ = \{x\in A: x > 0\} $$

By this convention, it makes sense to use $\Bbb N=\{0,1,2,\dots\}$ and $\Bbb Z^+=\{1,2,3,\dots\}$.

Operation, associative, commutative, identity, inverse, group

Throughout the rest of the chapters on group theory, we will assume that $(G,\star)$ is an abstract group.

One-sided is enough

Examples of groups

Integer combinations

GCD is an integer combination

Mod invertibility iff coprime

Groups of units

The dihedral group: too important to wait!

Operation tables 🏥

Product groups

Basic group theorems

Exponents and order